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Python Go
1
Print a literal string on standard output
print("Hello World")
Alternative implementation:
print('Hello World')
fmt.Println("Hello World")
2
Loop to execute some code a constant number of times
for _ in range(10):
    print("Hello")
Alternative implementation:
print("Hello\n"*10)
Alternative implementation:
i = 0
while i < 10:
    print('Hello')
    i += 1
Alternative implementation:
def f(): print('Hello')
for x in range(10): f()
Alternative implementation:
f = lambda: print('Hello')
for x in range(10): f()
Alternative implementation:
for x in repeat('Hello', 10): print(x)
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
	fmt.Println("Hello")
}
Alternative implementation:
fmt.Println(strings.Repeat("Hello\n", 10))
Alternative implementation:
for range 10 {
	fmt.Println("Hello")
}
3
Like a function which doesn't return any value, thus has only side effects (e.g. Print to standard output)
def finish(name):
    print(f'My job here is done. Goodbye {name}')
Alternative implementation:
f = lambda: print('abc')
f()
func finish(name string) {
  fmt.Println("My job here is done. Good bye " + name)
}
Alternative implementation:
finish := func(name string) {
	fmt.Println("My job here is done. Good bye " + name)
}
4
Create a function which returns the square of an integer
def square(x):
    return x*x
Alternative implementation:
def square(x):
    return x**2
Alternative implementation:
square = lambda x: x * x
func square(x int) int {
  return x*x
}
5
Declare a container type for two floating-point numbers x and y
@dataclass
class Point:
    x: float
    y: float
Alternative implementation:
Point = namedtuple("Point", "x y")
Alternative implementation:
point = {'x': 1.2, 'y': 3.4}
Alternative implementation:
class P:
    def __init__(self, x: float, y: float):
        self.x, self.y = x, y
Alternative implementation:
point = dict(x=1.2, y=3.4)
type Point struct {
    x, y float64
}
6
Do something with each item x of the list (or array) items, regardless indexes.
for x in items:
        doSomething( x )
Alternative implementation:
[do_something(x) for x in items]
for _, x := range items {
    doSomething(x)
}
7
Print each index i with its value x from an array-like collection items
for i, x in enumerate(items):
    print(i, x)
Alternative implementation:
for x in enumerate(items): print(x)
for i, x := range items {
    fmt.Printf("Item %d = %v \n", i, x)
}
8
Create a new map object x, and provide some (key, value) pairs as initial content.
x = {"one" : 1, "two" : 2}
Alternative implementation:
x = dict(a=1, b=2, c=3)
x := map[string]int {"one": 1, "two": 2}
9
The structure must be recursive because left child and right child are binary trees too. A node has access to children nodes, but not to its parent.
class Node:
	def __init__(self, data):
		self.data = data
		self.left = None
		self.right = None
Alternative implementation:
class Node:
  def __init__(self, data, left_child, right_child):
    self.data = data
    self._left_child = left_child
    self._right_child = right_child
type BinTree struct {
	Label       valueType
	Left, Right *BinTree
}
Alternative implementation:
type BinTree[L any] struct {
	Label       L
	Left, Right *BinTree[L]
}
10
Generate a random permutation of the elements of list x
shuffle(x)
Alternative implementation:
random.shuffle(x)
for i := range x {
	j := rand.Intn(i + 1)
	x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
}
Alternative implementation:
y := make([]T, len(x))
perm := rand.Perm(len(x))
for i, v := range perm {
	y[v] = x[i]
}
Alternative implementation:
rand.Shuffle(len(x), func(i, j int) {
	x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
})
Alternative implementation:
for i := len(x) - 1; i > 0; i-- {
	j := rand.Intn(i + 1)
	x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
}
Alternative implementation:
func shuffle[T any](x []T) {
	rand.Shuffle(len(x), func(i, j int) {
		x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
	})
}
11
The list x must be non-empty.
random.choice(x)
x[rand.Intn(len(x))]
Alternative implementation:
func pickT(x []T) T {
	return x[rand.Intn(len(x))]
}
Alternative implementation:
func pick[T any](x []T) T {
	return x[rand.Intn(len(x))]
}
12
Check if the list contains the value x.
list is an iterable finite container.
x in list
func Contains(list []T, x T) bool {
	for _, item := range list {
		if item == x {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}
Alternative implementation:
slices.Contains(list, x)
13
Access each key k with its value x from an associative array mymap, and print them.
for k, v in mymap.items():
    print(k, v)
Alternative implementation:
for x in mymap.items(): print(x)
for k, x := range mymap {
  fmt.Println("Key =", k, ", Value =", x)
}
14
Pick a random number greater than or equals to a, strictly inferior to b. Precondition : a < b.
random.uniform(a,b)
func pick(a, b  float64)  float64 {
	return a + (rand.Float64() * (b-a))
}
15
Pick a random integer greater than or equals to a, inferior or equals to b. Precondition : a < b.
random.randint(a,b)
func pick(a,b int) int {
	return a + rand.Intn(b-a+1)
}
Alternative implementation:
func pick(a, b int) int {
	return a + rand.IntN(b-a+1)
}
16
Call a function f on every node of binary tree bt, in depth-first infix order
def dfs(bt):
	if bt is None:
		return
	dfs(bt.left)
	f(bt)
	dfs(bt.right)
func (bt *BinTree) Dfs(f func(*BinTree)) {
	if bt == nil {
		return
	}
	bt.Left.Dfs(f)
	f(bt)
	bt.Right.Dfs(f)
}
Alternative implementation:
func (bt *BinTree[L]) Dfs(f func(*BinTree[L])) {
	if bt == nil {
		return
	}
	bt.Left.Dfs(f)
	f(bt)
	bt.Right.Dfs(f)
}
17
The structure must be recursive. A node may have zero or more children. A node has access to its children nodes, but not to its parent.
class Node:
    def __init__(self, value, *children):
        self.value = value
        self.children = list(children)
type Tree struct {
	Key keyType
	Deco valueType
	Children []*Tree
}
Alternative implementation:
type Tree[L any] struct {
	Label    L
	Children []*Tree[L]
}
18
Call a function f on every node of a tree, in depth-first prefix order
def DFS(f, root):
	f(root)
	for child in root:
		DFS(f, child)
func (t *Tree) Dfs(f func(*Tree)) {
	if t == nil {
		return
	}
	f(t)
	for _, child := range t.Children {
		child.Dfs(f)
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
func (t *Tree[L]) Dfs(f func(*Tree[L])) {
	if t == nil {
		return
	}
	f(t)
	for _, child := range t.Children {
		child.Dfs(f)
	}
}
19
Reverse the order of the elements of the list x.
This may reverse "in-place" and destroy the original ordering.
x = reversed(x)
Alternative implementation:
y = x[::-1]
Alternative implementation:
x.reverse()
for i, j := 0, len(x)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
	x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
}
Alternative implementation:
func reverse[T any](x []T) {
	for i, j := 0, len(x)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
		x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
slices.Reverse(x)
20
Implement a function search which looks for item x in a 2D matrix m.
Return indices i, j of the matching cell.
Think of the most idiomatic way in the language to return the two values at the same time.
def search(m, x):
    for idx, item in enumerate(m):
        if x in item:
            return idx, item.index(x)
Alternative implementation:
def search(x, m):
    for i, M in enumerate(m):
        for j, N in enumerate(M):
            if N == x: return (i, j)
func search(m [][]int, x int) (bool, int, int) {
	for i := range m {
		for j, v := range m[i] {
			if v == x {
				return true, i, j
			}
		}
	}
	return false, 0, 0
}
21
Swap the values of the variables a and b
a, b = b, a
Alternative implementation:
a =int(input("enter a number"))
b =int(input("enter b number")) 
a, b = b, a
 
print("Value of a:", a)
print("Value of a", b)
a, b = b, a
22
Extract the integer value i from its string representation s (in radix 10)
i = int(s)
i, err  := strconv.Atoi(s) 
Alternative implementation:
i, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 0)
23
Given a real number x, create its string representation s with 2 decimal digits following the dot.
s =  '{:.2f}'.format(x)
Alternative implementation:
s = f'{x:.2f}'
Alternative implementation:
s = '%.2f' % x
s := fmt.Sprintf("%.2f", x)
24
Declare a new string s and initialize it with the literal value "ネコ" (which means "cat" in japanese)
s = "ネコ"
s := "ネコ"
25
Share the string value "Alan" with an existing running process which will then display "Hello, Alan"
q = Queue()

def worker():
    while True:
        print(f"Hello, {q.get()}")
        q.task_done()

Thread(target=worker, daemon=True).start()

q.put("Alan")
q.join()
go func() {
	v := <-ch
	fmt.Printf("Hello, %v\n", v)
}()

ch <- "Alan"
26
Declare and initialize a matrix x having m rows and n columns, containing real numbers.
x = [[0] * n for _ in range(m)]
const m, n = 3, 4
var x [m][n]float64
Alternative implementation:
func make2D(m, n int) [][]float64 {
	buf := make([]float64, m*n)

	x := make([][]float64, m)
	for i := range x {
		x[i] = buf[:n:n]
		buf = buf[n:]
	}
	return x
}
Alternative implementation:
func make2D[T any](m, n int) [][]T {
	buf := make([]T, m*n)

	x := make([][]T, m)
	for i := range x {
		x[i] = buf[:n:n]
		buf = buf[n:]
	}
	return x
}
27
Declare and initialize a 3D array x, having dimensions boundaries m, n, p, and containing real numbers.
x = [[[0 for k in range(p)] for j in range(n)] for i in range(m)]
Alternative implementation:
x = numpy.zeros((m,n,p))
Alternative implementation:
x = []
for a in range(m):
    t = []
    for b in range(n):
        t.append([] * p)
    x.append(t)
const m, n, p = 2, 2, 3
var x [m][n][p]float64
Alternative implementation:
func make3D(m, n, p int) [][][]float64 {
	buf := make([]float64, m*n*p)

	x := make([][][]float64, m)
	for i := range x {
		x[i] = make([][]float64, n)
		for j := range x[i] {
			x[i][j] = buf[:p:p]
			buf = buf[p:]
		}
	}
	return x
}
Alternative implementation:
func make3D[T any](m, n, p int) [][][]T {
	buf := make([]T, m*n*p)

	x := make([][][]T, m)
	for i := range x {
		x[i] = make([][]T, n)
		for j := range x[i] {
			x[i][j] = buf[:p:p]
			buf = buf[p:]
		}
	}
	return x
}
28
Sort the elements of the list (or array-like collection) items in ascending order of x.p, where p is a field of the type Item of the objects in items.
items = sorted(items, key=lambda x: x.p)
Alternative implementation:
items = sorted(items, key=attrgetter('p'))
type ItemPSorter []Item
func (s ItemPSorter) Len() int{ return len(s) }
func (s ItemPSorter) Less(i,j int) bool{ return s[i].p<s[j].p }
func (s ItemPSorter) Swap(i,j int) { s[i],s[j] = s[j],s[i] }

func sortItems(items []Item){
	sorter := ItemPSorter(items)
	sort.Sort(sorter)
}
Alternative implementation:
less := func(i, j int) bool {
	return items[i].p < items[j].p
}
sort.Slice(items, less)
Alternative implementation:
compare := func(a, b Item) int {
	return cmp.Compare(a.p, b.p)
}
slices.SortFunc(items, compare)
29
Remove i-th item from list items.
This will alter the original list or return a new list, depending on which is more idiomatic.
Note that in most languages, the smallest valid value for i is 0.
del items[i]
Alternative implementation:
items.pop(i)
items = append(items[:i], items[i+1:]...)
Alternative implementation:
copy(items[i:], items[i+1:])
items[len(items)-1] = nil
items = items[:len(items)-1]
Alternative implementation:
items = slices.Delete(items, i, i+1)
30
Launch the concurrent execution of the procedure f with parameter i from 1 to 1000.
Tasks are independent and f(i) doesn't return any value.
Tasks need not run all at the same time, so you may use a pool.
pool = Pool()
for i in range(1, 1001):
	pool.apply_async(f, [i])
for i := range 1_000 {
	go f(i)
}
31
Create the recursive function f which returns the factorial of the non-negative integer i, calculated from f(i-1)
def f(i):
   if i == 0:
       return 1
   else:
       return i * f(i-1)
func f(i int) int {
  if i == 0 {
    return 1
  }
  return i * f(i-1)
}
32
Create function exp which calculates (fast) the value x power n.
x and n are non-negative integers.
def exp(x, n):
        return x**n
func exp(x, n int) int {
	switch {
	case n == 0:
		return 1
	case n == 1:
		return x
	case n%2 == 0:
		return exp(x*x, n/2)
	default:
		return x * exp(x*x, (n-1)/2)
	}
}
33
Assign to the variable x the new value f(x), making sure that no other thread may modify x between the read and the write.
lock = threading.Lock()

lock.acquire()
try:
	x = f(x)
finally:
	lock.release()
Alternative implementation:
with threading.Lock():
    x = f(x)
var lock sync.Mutex

lock.Lock()
x = f(x)
lock.Unlock()
34
Declare and initialize a set x containing unique objects of type T.
class T(object):
    pass

x = set(T())
Alternative implementation:
class T:
   ...

s = set(T() for _ in range(x))
x := make(map[T]bool)
Alternative implementation:
x := make(map[T]struct{})
35
Implement a function compose (A -> C) with parameters f (A -> B) and g (B -> C), which returns the composition function g ∘ f
def compose(f, g):
    return lambda a: g(f(a))
func compose(f func(A) B, g func(B) C) func(A) C {
	return func(x A) C {
		return g(f(x))
	}
}
36
Implement a function compose which returns composition function g ∘ f for any functions f and g having exactly 1 parameter.
def compose(f, g):
	return lambda x: g(f(x))
Alternative implementation:
compose = lambda f, g, x: \
    lambda x: g(f(x))
func composeIntFuncs(f func(int) int, g func(int) int) func(int) int {
	return func(x int) int {
		return g(f(x))
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
func compose[T, U, V any](f func(T) U, g func(U) V) func(T) V {
	return func(x T) V {
		return g(f(x))
	}
}
37
Transform a function that takes multiple arguments into a function for which some of the arguments are preset.
def add(a, b):
	return a+b

add_to_two = partial(add, 2)
type PayFactory func(Company, *Employee, *Employee) Payroll

type CustomPayFactory func(*Employee) Payroll

func CurryPayFactory(pf PayFactory,company Company, boss *Employee) CustomPayFactory {
	return func(e *Employee) Payroll {
		return pf(company, boss, e)
	}
}
38
Find substring t consisting in characters i (included) to j (excluded) of string s.
Character indices start at 0 unless specified otherwise.
Make sure that multibyte characters are properly handled.
t = s[i:j]
Alternative implementation:
t = s[slice(i, j)]
t := string([]rune(s)[i:j])
39
Set the boolean ok to true if the string word is contained in string s as a substring, or to false otherwise.
ok = word in s
ok := strings.Contains(s, word)
40
Declare a Graph data structure in which each Vertex has a collection of its neighbouring vertices.
class Vertex(set): pass
class Graph(defaultdict):
  def __init__(self, *paths):
    self.default_factory = Vertex
    for path in paths:
      self.make_path(path)

  def make_path(self, labels):
    for l1, l2 in zip(labels, labels[1:]):
      self[l1].add(l2)
      self[l2].add(l1)

G = Graph((0, 1, 2, 3), (1, 4, 2))
type Vertex struct{
	Id int
	Label string
	Neighbours map[*Vertex]bool
}

type Graph []*Vertex
Alternative implementation:
type Graph[L any] []*Vertex[L]

type Vertex[L any] struct {
	Label      L
	Neighbours map[*Vertex[L]]bool
}
41
Create the string t containing the same characters as the string s, in reverse order.
The original string s must remain unaltered. Each character must be handled correctly regardless its number of bytes in memory.
t = s[::-1]
Alternative implementation:
t = ''.join(reversed(s))
runes := []rune(s)
for i, j := 0, len(runes)-1; i < j; i, j = i+1, j-1 {
   runes[i], runes[j] = runes[j], runes[i]
}
t := string(runes)
Alternative implementation:
func reverse(s string) string {
	if len(s) <= 1 {
		return s
	}
	var b strings.Builder
	b.Grow(len(s))
	for len(s) > 0 {
		r, l := utf8.DecodeLastRuneInString(s)
		s = s[:len(s)-l]
		b.WriteRune(r)
	}
	return b.String()
}
Alternative implementation:
runes := []rune(s)
slices.Reverse(runes)
t := string(runes)
42
Print each item v of list a which is not contained in list b.
For this, write an outer loop to iterate on a and an inner loop to iterate on b.
for v in a:
    try:
        for u in b:
            if v == u:
                raise Exception()
        print(v)
    except Exception:
        continue
Alternative implementation:
for v in a:
  keep = True
  for w in b:
    if w == v:
      keep = False
      break
  if keep:
    print(v)
mainloop:
	for _, v := range a {
		for _, w := range b {
			if v == w {
				continue mainloop
			}
		}
		fmt.Println(v)
	}
43
Look for a negative value v in 2D integer matrix m. Print it and stop searching.
class BreakOuterLoop (Exception): pass

try:
    position = None
    for row in m:
        for column in m[row]:
            if m[row][column] == v:
                position = (row, column)
                raise BreakOuterLoop
except BreakOuterLoop:
    pass
Alternative implementation:
def loop_breaking(m, v): 
    for i, row in enumerate(m): 
        for j, value in enumerate(row): 
            if value == v: 
                return (i, j)
    return None

print(loop_breaking(([1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]), 6))
Alternative implementation:
matrix = [[1,2,3],[4,-5,6],[7,8,9]]
try:
    print(next(i for i in chain.from_iterable(matrix) if i < 0))
except StopIteration:
    pass
Alternative implementation:
b = False
for r in m:
    for i in r:
        if i < 0:
            print(i)
            b = True
    if b: break
Alternative implementation:
b = False
for r in m:
    for i in r:
        if i < 0:
            print(i)
            b = True
    if b: break
mainloop:
	for i, line := range m {
		for _, v := range line {
			if v < 0 {
				fmt.Println(v)
				break mainloop
			}
		}
	}
44
Insert the element x at position i in the list s. Further elements must be shifted to the right.
s.insert(i, x)
s = append(s, 0)
copy(s[i+1:], s[i:])
s[i] = x
Alternative implementation:
s = slices.Insert(s, i, x)
45
Sleep for 5 seconds in current thread, before proceeding with the next instructions.
time.sleep(5)
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
46
Create the string t consisting of the 5 first characters of the string s.
Make sure that multibyte characters are properly handled.
t = s[:5]
t := s
r := []rune(s)
if len(r) > 5 {
	t = string(r[:5])
}
Alternative implementation:
i := 0
count := 0
for i = range s {
	if count >= 5 {
		break
	}
	count++
}
t := s
if count >= 5 {
	t = s[:i]
}
47
Create string t consisting in the 5 last characters of string s.
Make sure that multibyte characters are properly handled.
t = s[-5:]
t := s
r := []rune(s)
if len(r) > 5 {
	t = string(r[len(r)-5:])
}
Alternative implementation:
i := len(s)
for j := 0; i > 0 && j < 5; j++ {
	_, size := utf8.DecodeLastRuneInString(s[0:i])
	i -= size
}
t := s[i:]
48
Assign to variable s a string literal consisting in several lines of text, including newlines.
s = """Huey
Dewey
Louie"""
s := `Huey
Dewey
Louie`
49
Build list chunks consisting in substrings of the string s, separated by one or more space characters.
chunks = s.split()
Alternative implementation:
chunks = split(' +', s)
chunks := strings.Split(s, " ")
Alternative implementation:
chunks := strings.Fields(s)
50
Write a loop that has no end clause.
while True:
    pass
Alternative implementation:
while 1: ...
for {
	// Do something
}
51
Determine whether the map m contains an entry for the key k
k in m
Alternative implementation:
m.get(k)
_, ok := m[k]
52
Determine whether the map m contains an entry with the value v, for some key.
v in m.values()
func containsValue(m map[K]T, v T) bool {
	for _, x := range m {
		if x == v {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}
Alternative implementation:
func containsValue[M ~map[K]V, K, V comparable](m M, v V) bool {
	for _, x := range m {
		if x == v {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}
53
Concatenate elements of string list x joined by the separator ", " to create a single string y.
y = ', '.join(x)
Alternative implementation:
y = ', '.join(map(str, x))
Alternative implementation:
f = lambda a, b: f'{a}, {b}'
y = reduce(f, x)
y := strings.Join(x, ", ")
54
Calculate the sum s of the integer list or array x.
s = sum(x)
Alternative implementation:
f = lambda a, b: a + b
s = reduce(f, x)
s := 0
for _, v := range x {
	s += v
}
55
Create the string representation s (in radix 10) of the integer value i.
s = str(i)
s := strconv.Itoa(i)
Alternative implementation:
s := strconv.FormatInt(i, 10)
Alternative implementation:
s := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i)
56
Fork-join : launch the concurrent execution of procedure f with parameter i from 1 to 1000.
Tasks are independent and f(i) doesn't return any value.
Tasks need not run all at the same time, so you may use a pool.
Wait for the completion of the 1000 tasks and then print "Finished".
def f(i):
	i * i

with Pool(1000) as p:
	p.map(func=f, iterable=range(1, 1001))

print('Finished')
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(1_000)
for i := range 1_000 {
	go func() {
		f(i)
		wg.Done()
	}()
}
wg.Wait()
57
Create the list y containing the items from the list x that satisfy the predicate p. Respect the original ordering. Don't modify x in-place.
y = list(filter(p, x))
Alternative implementation:
y = [element for element in x if p(element)]
y := make([]T, 0, len(x))
for _, v := range x{
	if p(v){
		y = append(y, v)
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
n := 0
for _, v := range x {
	if p(v) {
		n++
	}
}
y := make([]T, 0, n)
for _, v := range x {
	if p(v) {
		y = append(y, v)
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
func filter[S ~[]T, T any](x S, p func(T) bool) S {
	var y S
	for _, v := range x {
		if p(v) {
			y = append(y, v)
		}
	}
	return y
}
Alternative implementation:
del := func(t *T) bool { return !p(t) }

y := slices.DeleteFunc(slices.Clone(x), del)
58
Create the string lines from the content of the file with filename f.
lines = open(f).read()
Alternative implementation:
with open(f) as fo:
    lines = fo.read()
b, err := os.ReadFile(f)
if err != nil {
	// Handle error...
}
lines := string(b)
59
Print the message "x is negative" to standard error (stderr), with integer x value substitution (e.g. "-2 is negative").
print(x, "is negative", file=sys.stderr)
fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, x, "is negative")
60
Assign to x the string value of the first command line parameter, after the program name.
x = sys.argv[1]
x := os.Args[1]
61
Assign to the variable d the current date/time value, in the most standard type.
d = datetime.datetime.now()
d := time.Now()
62
Set i to the first position of string y inside string x, if exists.

Specify if i should be regarded as a character index or as a byte index.

Explain the behavior when y is not contained in x.
i = x.find(y)
i := strings.Index(x, y)
63
Assign to x2 the value of string x with all occurrences of y replaced by z.
Assume occurrences of y are not overlapping.
x2 = x.replace(y, z)
x2 := strings.Replace(x, y, z, -1)
Alternative implementation:
x2 := strings.ReplaceAll(x, y, z)
64
Assign to x the value 3^247
x = 3 ** 247
x := new(big.Int)
x.Exp(big.NewInt(3), big.NewInt(247), nil)
65
From the real value x in [0,1], create its percentage string representation s with one digit after decimal point. E.g. 0.15625 -> "15.6%"
s = '{:.1%}'.format(x)
Alternative implementation:
s = f"{x:.01%}"
s := fmt.Sprintf("%.1f%%", 100.0*x)
66
Calculate the result z of x power n, where x is a big integer and n is a positive integer.
z = x**n
nb := big.NewInt(int64(n))
var z big.Int
z.Exp(x, nb, nil)
67
Calculate binom(n, k) = n! / (k! * (n-k)!). Use an integer type able to handle huge numbers.
def binom(n, k):
    return math.factorial(n) // math.factorial(k) // math.factorial(n - k)
Alternative implementation:
def binom(n, k):
    return math.comb(n, k)
z := new(big.Int)
z.Binomial(n, k)
68
Create an object x to store n bits (n being potentially large).
x = bytearray(int(math.ceil(n / 8.0)))
var x *big.Int = new(big.Int)
Alternative implementation:
x := make([]bool, n)
Alternative implementation:
x := make([]uint64, (n+63)/64)
69
Use seed s to initialize a random generator.

If s is constant, the generator output will be the same each time the program runs. If s is based on the current value of the system clock, the generator output will be different each time.
rand = random.Random(s)
r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(s))
Alternative implementation:
r := rand.New(rand.NewPCG(s, s))
70
Get the current datetime and provide it as a seed to a random generator. The generator sequence will be different at each run.
rand = random.Random()
r := rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
71
Basic implementation of the Echo program: Print all arguments except the program name, separated by space, followed by newline.
The idiom demonstrates how to skip the first argument if necessary, concatenate arguments as strings, append newline and print it to stdout.
print(' '.join(sys.argv[1:]))
func main() {
    fmt.Println(strings.Join(os.Args[1:], " "))
}
73
Create a factory named fact for any sub class of Parent and taking exactly one string str as constructor parameter.
def fact(a_class, str_):
    if issubclass(a_class, Parent):
        return a_class(str_)
type ParentFactory func(string) Parent

var fact ParentFactory = func(str string) Parent {
	return Parent{
		name: str,
	}
}
74
Compute the greatest common divisor x of big integers a and b. Use an integer type able to handle huge numbers.
x = gcd(a, b)
Alternative implementation:
x = math.gcd(a, b)
x.GCD(nil, nil, a, b)
75
Compute the least common multiple x of big integers a and b. Use an integer type able to handle huge numbers.
x = (a*b)//gcd(a, b)
Alternative implementation:
x = math.lcm(a, b)
gcd.GCD(nil, nil, a, b)
x.Div(a, gcd).Mul(x, b)
76
Create the string s of integer x written in base 2.

E.g. 13 -> "1101"
s = '{:b}'.format(x)
Alternative implementation:
s = format(x, 'b')
s := strconv.FormatInt(x, 2)
Alternative implementation:
s := fmt.Sprintf("%b", x)
77
Declare a complex x and initialize it with value (3i - 2). Then multiply it by i.
x = 3j-2
y = x * 1j
x := 3i - 2
x *= 1i
78
Execute a block once, then execute it again as long as boolean condition c is true.
while True:
    do_something()
    if not c:
        break
for{
   someThing()
   someOtherThing()
   if !c {
     break
   }
}
Alternative implementation:
for done := false; !done; {
	someThing()
	someOtherThing()
	done = !c()
}
79
Declare the floating point number y and initialize it with the value of the integer x .
y = float(x)
y := float64(x)
80
Declare integer y and initialize it with the value of floating point number x . Ignore non-integer digits of x .
Make sure to truncate towards zero: a negative x must yield the closest greater integer (not lesser).
y = int(x)
y := int(x)
81
Declare the integer y and initialize it with the rounded value of the floating point number x .
Ties (when the fractional part of x is exactly .5) must be rounded up (to positive infinity).
y = int(x + 0.5)
Alternative implementation:
c = Context(rounding=ROUND_HALF_UP)
y = round(Decimal(x, c))
y := int(math.Floor(x + 0.5))
82
Find how many times string s contains substring t.
Specify if overlapping occurrences are counted.
count = s.count(t)
x := strings.Count(s, t)
83
Declare the regular expression r matching the strings "http", "htttp", "httttp", etc.
r = re.compile(r"htt+p")
r := regexp.MustCompile("htt+p")
84
Count number c of 1s in the integer i in base 2.

E.g. i=6 → c=2
c = bin(i).count("1")
Alternative implementation:
c = i.bit_count()
func PopCountUInt64(i uint64) (c int) {
	i -= (i >> 1) & 0x5555555555555555
	i = (i>>2)&0x3333333333333333 + i&0x3333333333333333
	i += i >> 4
	i &= 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f
	i *= 0x0101010101010101
	return int(i >> 56)
}

func PopCountUInt32(i uint32) (n int) {
	i -= (i >> 1) & 0x55555555
	i = (i>>2)&0x33333333 + i&0x33333333
	i += i >> 4
	i &= 0x0f0f0f0f
	i *= 0x01010101
	return int(i >> 24)
}
Alternative implementation:
c := bits.OnesCount(i)
85
Write boolean function addingWillOverflow which takes two integers x, y and return true if (x+y) overflows.

An overflow may be above the max positive value, or below the min negative value.
def adding_will_overflow(x,y):
    return False
func addingWillOverflow(x int, y int) bool {
	if x > 0 {
		return y > math.MaxInt-x
	}
	return y < math.MinInt-x
}
86
Write the boolean function multiplyWillOverflow which takes two integers x, y and returns true if (x*y) overflows.

An overflow may reach above the max positive value, or below the min negative value.
def multiplyWillOverflow(x,y):
	return False
func multiplyWillOverflow(x, y uint64) bool {
   if x <= 1 || y <= 1 {
     return false
   }
   d := x * y
   return d/y != x
}
87
Exit immediately.
If some extra cleanup work is executed by the program runtime (not by the OS itself), describe it.
sys.exit(1)
os.Exit(0)
88
Create a new bytes buffer buf of size 1,000,000.
buf = bytearray(1000000)
buf := make([]byte, 1_000_000)
89
You've detected that the integer value of argument x passed to the current function is invalid. Write the idiomatic way to abort the function execution and signal the problem.
raise ValueError("x is invalid")
return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid value for x: %v", x)
90
Expose a read-only integer x to the outside world while being writable inside a structure or a class Foo.
class Foo(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = 0

    @property
    def x(self):
        """
        Doc for x
        """
        return self._x
type Foo struct {
	x int
}

func (f *Foo) X() int {
	return f.x
}
91
Read from the file data.json and write its content into the object x.
Assume the JSON data is suitable for the type of x.
with open("data.json", "r") as input:
    x = json.load(input)
buffer, err := os.ReadFile("data.json")
if err != nil {
	return err
}
err = json.Unmarshal(buffer, &x)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
Alternative implementation:
r, err := os.Open(filename)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
decoder := json.NewDecoder(r)
err = decoder.Decode(&x)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
92
Write the contents of the object x into the file data.json.
with open("data.json", "w") as output:
    json.dump(x, output)
buffer, err := json.MarshalIndent(x, "", "  ")
if err != nil {
	return err
}
err = os.WriteFile("data.json", buffer, 0644)
93
Implement the procedure control which receives one parameter f, and runs f.
def control(f):
    f()
Alternative implementation:
def control(f: Callable): f()
func control(f func()) {
	f()
}
94
Print the name of the type of x. Explain if it is a static type or dynamic type.

This may not make sense in all languages.
print(type(x))
Alternative implementation:
print(x.__class__)
fmt.Println(reflect.TypeOf(x))
Alternative implementation:
fmt.Printf("%T", x)
95
Assign to variable x the length (number of bytes) of the local file at path.
x = os.path.getsize(path)
info, err := os.Stat(path)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
x := info.Size()
96
Set the boolean b to true if string s starts with prefix prefix, false otherwise.
b = s.startswith(prefix)
b := strings.HasPrefix(s, prefix)
97
Set boolean b to true if string s ends with string suffix, false otherwise.
b = s.endswith(suffix)
b := strings.HasSuffix(s, suffix)
98
Convert a timestamp ts (number of seconds in epoch-time) to a date with time d. E.g. 0 -> 1970-01-01 00:00:00
d = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(ts)
d := time.Unix(ts, 0)
99
Assign to the string x the value of the fields (year, month, day) of the date d, in format YYYY-MM-DD.
d = date(2016, 9, 28)
x = d.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
Alternative implementation:
d = date.today()
x = d.isoformat()
x := d.Format("2006-01-02")
100
Sort elements of array-like collection items, using a comparator c.
items.sort(key=c)
Alternative implementation:
items.sort(key=functools.cmp_to_key(c))
type ItemCSorter []Item
func (s ItemCSorter) Len() int           { return len(s) }
func (s ItemCSorter) Less(i, j int) bool { return c(s[i], s[j]) }
func (s ItemCSorter) Swap(i, j int)      { s[i], s[j] = s[j], s[i] }

func sortItems(items []Item) {
	sorter := ItemCSorter(items)
	sort.Sort(sorter)
}
Alternative implementation:
type ItemsSorter struct {
	items []Item
	c     func(x, y Item) bool
}

func (s ItemsSorter) Len() int           { return len(s.items) }
func (s ItemsSorter) Less(i, j int) bool { return s.c(s.items[i], s.items[j]) }
func (s ItemsSorter) Swap(i, j int)      { s.items[i], s.items[j] = s.items[j], s.items[i] }

func sortItems(items []Item, c func(x, y Item) bool) {
	sorter := ItemsSorter{
		items,
		c,
	}
	sort.Sort(sorter)
}
Alternative implementation:
sort.Slice(items, func(i, j int) bool {
	return c(items[i], items[j])
})
Alternative implementation:
slices.SortFunc(items, c)
101
Make an HTTP request with method GET to the URL u, then store the body of the response in the string s.
with urllib.request.urlopen(u) as f:
    s = f.read()
Alternative implementation:
s = requests.get(u).content.decode()
res, err := http.Get(u)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
buffer, err := io.ReadAll(res.Body)
res.Body.Close()
if err != nil {
	return err
}
s := string(buffer)
102
Make an HTTP request with method GET to the URL u, then store the body of the response in the file result.txt. Try to save the data as it arrives if possible, without having all its content in memory at once.
filename, headers = urllib.request.urlretrieve(u, 'result.txt')
Alternative implementation:
with open("results.txt", "wb") as fh:
	fh.write(requests.get(u).content)
out, err := os.Create("result.txt")
if err != nil {
	return err
}
defer out.Close()

resp, err := http.Get(u)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
defer func() {
	io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
	resp.Body.Close()
}()
if resp.StatusCode != 200 {
	return fmt.Errorf("Status: %v", resp.Status)
}

_, err = io.Copy(out, resp.Body)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
103
Read from the file data.xml and write its contents into the object x.
Assume the XML data is suitable for the type of x.
x = lxml.etree.parse('data.xml')
buffer, err := os.ReadFile("data.xml")
if err != nil {
	return err
}
err = xml.Unmarshal(buffer, &x)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
104
Write the contents of the object x into the file data.xml.
buffer, err := xml.MarshalIndent(x, "", "  ")
if err != nil {
	return err
}
err = os.WriteFile("data.xml", buffer, 0644)
105
1
s = sys.argv[0]
path := os.Args[0]
s = filepath.Base(path)
Alternative implementation:
path, err := os.Executable()
if err != nil {
  panic(err)
}
s = filepath.Base(path)
106
Assign to string dir the path of the working directory.
(This is not necessarily the folder containing the executable itself)
dir = os.getcwd()
dir, err := os.Getwd()
107
Assign to string dir the path of the folder containing the currently running executable.
(This is not necessarily the working directory, though.)
dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
Alternative implementation:
dir = str(Path(__file__).parent)
programPath := os.Args[0]
absolutePath, err := filepath.Abs(programPath)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
dir := filepath.Dir(absolutePath)
108
Print the value of variable x, but only if x has been declared in this program.
This makes sense in some languages, not all of them. (Null values are not the point, rather the very existence of the variable.)
if 'x' in locals():
	print(x)
Alternative implementation:
try:
    x
except NameError:
    print("does not exist")
109
Set n to the number of bytes of a variable t (of type T).
n = pympler.asizeof.asizeof(t)
var t T
tType := reflect.TypeOf(t)
n := tType.Size()
110
Set the boolean blank to true if the string s is empty, or null, or contains only whitespace ; false otherwise.
blank = not s or s.isspace()
blank := strings.TrimSpace(s) == ""
111
From current process, run program x with command-line parameters "a", "b".
subprocess.call(['x', 'a', 'b'])
err := exec.Command("x", "a", "b").Run()
112
Print each key k with its value x from an associative array mymap, in ascending order of k.
for k in sorted(mymap):
    print(mymap[k])
Alternative implementation:
for e in sorted(m.items()):
    print(e)
keys := make([]string, 0, len(mymap))
for k := range mymap {
	keys = append(keys, k)
}
sort.Strings(keys)

for _, k := range keys {
	x := mymap[k]
	fmt.Println("Key =", k, ", Value =", x)
}
Alternative implementation:
keys := maps.Keys(mymap)
slices.Sort(keys)

for _, k := range keys {
	x := mymap[k]
	fmt.Println("Key =", k, ", Value =", x)
}
Alternative implementation:
keys := maps.Keys(mymap)
slices.SortFunc(keys, compare)

for _, k := range keys {
	x := mymap[k]
	fmt.Println("Key =", k, ", Value =", x)
}
113
Print each key k with its value x from an associative array mymap, in ascending order of x.
Multiple entries may exist for the same value x.
for x, k in sorted((x, k) for k,x in mymap.items()):
    print(k, x)
Alternative implementation:
for key, value in sorted(d.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1)):
    print(key, value)
type entry struct {
	key   string
	value int
}

type entries []entry
func (list entries) Len() int { return len(list) }
func (list entries) Less(i, j int) bool { return list[i].value < list[j].value }
func (list entries) Swap(i, j int) { list[i], list[j] = list[j], list[i] }

entries := make(entries, 0, len(mymap))
for k, x := range mymap {
	entries = append(entries, entry{key: k, values: x})
}
sort.Sort(entries)

for _, e := range entries {
	fmt.Println("Key =", e.key, ", Value =", e.value)
}
Alternative implementation:
type entry struct {
	key   string
	value int
}

entries := make([]entry, 0, len(mymap))
for k, x := range mymap {
	entries = append(entries, entry{key: k, value: x})
}
sort.Slice(entries, func(i, j int) bool {
	return entries[i].value < entries[j].value
})

for _, e := range entries {
	fmt.Println("Key =", e.key, ", Value =", e.value)
}
114
Set boolean b to true if objects x and y contain the same values, recursively comparing all referenced elements in x and y.
Tell if the code correctly handles recursive types.
b = x == y
b := reflect.DeepEqual(x, y)
115
Set boolean b to true if date d1 is strictly before date d2 ; false otherwise.
b = d1 < d2
b := d1.Before(d2)
116
Remove all occurrences of string w from string s1, and store the result in s2.
s2 = s1.replace(w, '')
s2 := strings.Replace(s1, w, "", -1)
Alternative implementation:
s2 := strings.ReplaceAll(s1, w, "")
117
Set n to the number of elements of the list x.
n = len(x)
n := len(x)
118
Create the set y from the list x.
x may contain duplicates. y is unordered and has no repeated values.
y = set(x)
Alternative implementation:
y = {*x}
y := make(map[T]struct{}, len(x))
for _, v := range x {
	y[v] = struct{}{}
}
Alternative implementation:
func sliceToSet[T comparable](x []T) map[T]struct{} {
	y := make(map[T]struct{}, len(x))
	for _, v := range x {
		y[v] = struct{}{}
	}
	return y
}
119
Remove duplicates from the list x.
Explain if the original order is preserved.
x = list(set(x))
Alternative implementation:
x = list(OrderedDict(zip(x, x)))
Alternative implementation:
def dedup(x):
  y = []
  for i in x:
    if not i in y:
      y.append(i)
  return y
y := make(map[T]struct{}, len(x))
for _, v := range x {
	y[v] = struct{}{}
}
x2 := make([]T, 0, len(y))
for _, v := range x {
	if _, ok := y[v]; ok {
		x2 = append(x2, v)
		delete(y, v)
	}
}
x = x2
Alternative implementation:
seen := make(map[T]bool)
j := 0
for _, v := range x {
	if !seen[v] {
		x[j] = v
		j++
		seen[v] = true
	}
}
x = x[:j]
Alternative implementation:
seen := make(map[T]bool)
j := 0
for _, v := range x {
	if !seen[v] {
		x[j] = v
		j++
		seen[v] = true
	}
}
for i := j; i < len(x); i++ {
	x[i] = nil
}
x = x[:j]
Alternative implementation:
func deduplicate[S ~[]T, T comparable](x S) S {
	seen := make(map[T]bool)
	j := 0
	for _, v := range x {
		if !seen[v] {
			x[j] = v
			j++
			seen[v] = true
		}
	}
	var zero T
	for i := j; i < len(x); i++ {
		// Avoid memory leak
		x[i] = zero
	}
	return x[:j]
}
Alternative implementation:
slices.Sort(x)
x = slices.Compact(x)
120
Read an integer value from the standard input into the variable n
n = int(input("Input Prompting String: "))
_, err := fmt.Scan(&n)
Alternative implementation:
_, err := fmt.Scanf("%d", &n)
121
Listen UDP traffic on port p and read 1024 bytes into the buffer b.
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
sock.bind((UDP_IP, p))
while True:
    data, addr = sock.recvfrom(1024)
    print("received message:", data)
ServerAddr,err := net.ResolveUDPAddr("udp",p)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
ServerConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", ServerAddr)
if err != nil {
	return err
}
defer ServerConn.Close()
n,addr,err := ServerConn.ReadFromUDP(b[:1024])
if err != nil {
	return err
}
if n<1024 {
	return fmt.Errorf("Only %d bytes could be read.", n)
}
122
Create an enumerated type Suit with 4 possible values SPADES, HEARTS, DIAMONDS, CLUBS.
class Suit:
	SPADES, HEARTS, DIAMONDS, CLUBS = range(4)
Alternative implementation:
class Suit(Enum):
	SPADES = 1
	HEARTS = 2
	DIAMONDS = 3
	CLUBS = 4
type Suit int

const (
  Spades Suit = iota
  Hearts
  Diamonds
  Clubs
)
123
Verify that predicate isConsistent returns true, otherwise report assertion violation.
Explain if the assertion is executed even in production environment or not.
assert isConsistent
if !isConsistent() {
	panic("State consistency violated")
}
124
Write the function binarySearch which returns the index of an element having the value x in the sorted array a, or -1 if no such element exists.
def binarySearch(a, x):
    i = bisect.bisect_left(a, x)
    return i if i != len(a) and a[i] == x else -1
func binarySearch(a []T, x T) int {
	imin, imax := 0, len(a)-1
	for imin <= imax {
		imid := imin + (imax-imin) / 2
		switch {
		case a[imid] == x:
			return imid
		case a[imid] < x:
			imin = imid + 1
		default:
			imax = imid - 1
		}
	}
	return -1
}
Alternative implementation:
func binarySearch(a []int, x int) int {
	i := sort.SearchInts(a, x)
	if i < len(a) && a[i] == x {
		return i
	}
	return -1
}
Alternative implementation:
func binarySearch(a []T, x T) int {
	f := func(i int) bool { return a[i] >= x }
	i := sort.Search(len(a), f)
	if i < len(a) && a[i] == x {
		return i
	}
	return -1
}
Alternative implementation:
func binarySearch(a []T, x T) int {
	if i, ok := slices.BinarySearch(a, x); ok {
		return i
	} else {
		return -1
	}
}
125
measure the duration t, in nanoseconds, of a call to the function foo. Print this duration.
t1 = time.perf_counter_ns()
foo()
t2 = time.perf_counter_ns()
print('Nanoseconds:', t2 - t1)
t1 := time.Now()
foo()
t := time.Since(t1)
ns := int64(t / time.Nanosecond)
fmt.Printf("%dns\n", ns)
Alternative implementation:
t1 := time.Now()
foo()
t := time.Since(t1)
ns := t.Nanoseconds()
fmt.Printf("%dns\n", ns)
126
Write a function foo that returns a string and a boolean value.
def foo():
    return 'string', True
Alternative implementation:
foo = lambda: ('abc', True)
func foo() (string, bool) {
	return "Too good to be", true
}
127
Import the source code for the function foo body from a file "foobody.txt".
foo = imp.load_module('foobody', 'foobody.txt').foo
//go:embed foobody.txt
var s string

128
Call a function f on every node of a tree, in breadth-first prefix order
def BFS(f, root):
	Q = [root]
	while Q:
		n = Q.pop(0)
		f(n)
		for child in n:
			if not n.discovered:
				n.discovered = True
				Q.append(n)
func (root *Tree) Bfs(f func(*Tree)) {
	if root == nil {
		return
	}
	queue := []*Tree{root}
	for len(queue) > 0 {
		t := queue[0]
		queue = queue[1:]
		f(t)
		queue = append(queue, t.Children...)
	}
}
129
Call the function f on every vertex accessible from the vertex start, in breadth-first prefix order
def breadth_first(start, f):
  seen = set()
  q = deque([start])
  while q:
    vertex = q.popleft()
    f(vertex)
    seen.add(vertex)
    q.extend(v for v in vertex.adjacent if v not in seen)
func (start *Vertex) Bfs(f func(*Vertex)) {
	queue := []*Vertex{start}
	seen := map[*Vertex]bool{start: true}
	for len(queue) > 0 {
		v := queue[0]
		queue = queue[1:]
		f(v)
		for next, isEdge := range v.Neighbours {
			if isEdge && !seen[next] {
				queue = append(queue, next)
				seen[next] = true
			}
		}
	}
}
130
Call th function f on every vertex accessible from the vertex v, in depth-first prefix order
def depth_first(start, f):
  seen = set()
  stack = [start]
  while stack:
    vertex = stack.pop()
    f(vertex)
    seen.add(vertex)
    stack.extend(
      v for v in vertex.adjacent if v not in seen
    )
func (v *Vertex) Dfs(f func(*Vertex), seen map[*Vertex]bool) {
	seen[v] = true
	f(v)
	for next, isEdge := range v.Neighbours {
		if isEdge && !seen[next] {
			next.Dfs(f, seen)
		}
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
func (v *Vertex[L]) Dfs(f func(*Vertex[L]), seen map[*Vertex[L]]bool) {
	seen[v] = true
	f(v)
	for next, isEdge := range v.Neighbours {
		if isEdge && !seen[next] {
			next.Dfs(f, seen)
		}
	}
}
131
Execute f1 if condition c1 is true, or else f2 if condition c2 is true, or else f3 if condition c3 is true.
Don't evaluate a condition when a previous condition was true.
f1() if c1 else f2() if c2 else f3() if c3 else None
Alternative implementation:
if c1:
    f1()
elif c2:
    f2()
elif c3:
    f3()
Alternative implementation:
if c1: f1()
elif c2: f2()
elif c3: f3()
switch {
case c1:
	f1()
case c2:
	f2()
case c3:
	f3()
}
132
Run the procedure f, and return the duration of the execution of f.
duration = timeit.timeit("f()", setup="from __main__ import f")
Alternative implementation:
start = time.time()
f()
end = time.time()
return end - start
func clock(f func()) time.Duration {
	t := time.Now()
	f()
	return time.Since(t)
}
133
Set boolean ok to true if string word is contained in string s as a substring, even if the case doesn't match, or to false otherwise.
ok = word.lower() in s.lower()
Alternative implementation:
p = '(?i)' + escape(word)
ok = not not search(p, s)
lowerS, lowerWord := strings.ToLower(s), strings.ToLower(word)
ok := strings.Contains(lowerS, lowerWord)
134
Declare and initialize a new list items, containing 3 elements a, b, c.
items = [a, b, c]
Alternative implementation:
items = list((a, b, c))
items := []T{a, b, c}
135
Remove at most 1 item from list items, having the value x.
This will alter the original list or return a new list, depending on which is more idiomatic.
If there are several occurrences of x in items, remove only one of them. If x is absent, keep items unchanged.
items.remove(x)
for i, y := range items {
	if y == x {
		items = append(items[:i], items[i+1:]...)
		break
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
for i, y := range items {
	if y == x {
		copy(items[i:], items[i+1:])
		items[len(items)-1] = nil
		items = items[:len(items)-1]
		break
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
func removeFirstByValue[S ~[]T, T comparable](items *S, x T) {
	for i, y := range *items {
		if y == x {
			*items = slices.Delete(*items, i, i+1)
			return
		}
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
func removeFirstByValue[S ~[]T, T comparable](items *S, x T) {
	if i := slices.Index(*items, x); i != -1 {
		*items = slices.Delete(*items, i, i+1)
	}
}
136
Remove all occurrences of the value x from list items.
This will alter the original list or return a new list, depending on which is more idiomatic.
newlist = [item for item in items if item != x]
items2 := make([]T, 0, len(items))
for _, v := range items {
	if v != x {
		items2 = append(items2, v)
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
j := 0
for i, v := range items {
	if v != x {
		items[j] = items[i]
		j++
	}
}
items = items[:j]
Alternative implementation:
j := 0
for i, v := range items {
	if v != x {
		items[j] = items[i]
		j++
	}
}
for k := j; k < len(items); k++ {
	items[k] = nil
}
items = items[:j]
Alternative implementation:
func removeAll[S ~[]T, T comparable](items *S, x T) {
	j := 0
	for i, v := range *items {
		if v != x {
			(*items)[j] = (*items)[i]
			j++
		}
	}
	var zero T
	for k := j; k < len(*items); k++ {
		(*items)[k] = zero
	}
	*items = (*items)[:j]
}
Alternative implementation:
items = slices.DeleteFunc(items, func(e T) bool {
	return e == x
})
137
Set the boolean b to true if the string s contains only characters in the range '0'..'9', false otherwise.
b = s.isdigit()
Alternative implementation:
f = lambda x: x in digits
b = all(f(x) for x in s)
b = b and bool(len(s))
b := true
for _, c := range s {
	if c < '0' || c > '9' {
		b = false
		break
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
isNotDigit := func(c rune) bool { return c < '0' || c > '9' }
b := strings.ContainsFunc(s, isNotDigit) 
138
Create a new temporary file on the filesystem.
file = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
tmpfile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "")
139
Create a new temporary folder on filesystem, for writing.
td = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "")
140
Delete from map m the entry having key k.

Explain what happens if k is not an existing key in m.
m.pop(k, None)
delete(m, k)
141
Iterate in sequence over the elements of the list items1 then items2. For each iteration print the element.
for x in items1 + items2:
    print(x)
Alternative implementation:
for x in chain(items1, items2): print(x)
for _, v := range items1 {
	fmt.Println(v)
}
for _, v := range items2 {
	fmt.Println(v)
}
142
Assign to string s the hexadecimal representation (base 16) of integer x.

E.g. 999 -> "3e7"
s = hex(x)
Alternative implementation:
s = format(x, 'x')
Alternative implementation:
s = '%x' % x
s := strconv.FormatInt(x, 16)
Alternative implementation:
s := fmt.Sprintf("%x", x)
143
Iterate alternatively over the elements of the lists items1 and items2. For each iteration, print the element.

Explain what happens if items1 and items2 have different size.
for pair in zip(item1, item2): print(pair)
Alternative implementation:
a = zip_longest(items1, items2)
for x in a: print(x)
for i := 0; i < len(items1) || i < len(items2); i++ {
	if i < len(items1) {
		fmt.Println(items1[i])
	}
	if i < len(items2) {
		fmt.Println(items2[i])
	}
}
Alternative implementation:
for i := range min(len(items1), len(items2)) {
	fmt.Println(items1[i])
	fmt.Println(items2[i])

}
144
Set boolean b to true if file at path fp exists on filesystem; false otherwise.

Bewar